Detachment of staphylococci decreased significantly with increasing adhesion forces, while staphylococcal transmission to receiver surfaces decreased with increasing adhesion force exerted by the donor.Ībstract = "Bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation on surfaces are troublesome in many industrial processes. The number of adhering bacteria remained similar on all nanopillared surfaces. Nanopillared-Si surfaces were prepared with pillar-to-pillar distances from 200 to 800 nm. We relate staphylococcal adhesion, detachment and transmission between smooth and nanopillared-Si surfaces with staphylococcal adhesion forces. Transmission involves detachment of bacteria from one surface and adhesion to another, controlled by the relative values of the adhesion forces. In real-life bacteria are often transmitted between surfaces. This film enables a synergistic action of hierarchical nanotopography and localized, bacteria-triggered antibiotic release to dramatically enhance the antibacterial efficiency of surfaces. On the other hand, the coating of 3D-nanopillared substrates with an ultrathin tannic acid/gentamicin film resulted in a 10-fold reduction of the number of bacteria. Reductions in the adhering CFUs were more marked on hydrophobic surfaces, amounting to more than 99.4% on nanopillared surfaces. This was attributed to a decreased contact area, reducing bacterial adhesion forces on nanostructured surfaces down to 2 nN from 8 nN on flat surfaces. Compared to a non-structured surface, the nanostructured surfaces significantly reduced the number of adhering CFUs. Adhesion of bacteria was evaluated to the nanoengineered surfaces under both static and flow conditions. Here, nanostructured surfaces were engineered to make hydrophilic, hydrophobic or coated with a self-defensive, antibacterial film with the aim of discouraging bacterial adhesion. Bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation on surfaces are troublesome in many industrial processes.
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